Biology of Aging Portal

Genes
Name	Description
Liver Neoplasms	Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, also called hepatoma) is a primary malignancy (cancer) of the liver. Most cases of HCC are secondary to either a viral hepatitide infection (hepatitis B or C) or cirrhosis (alcoholism being the most common cause of hepatic cirrhosis).[1] In countries where hepatitis is not endemic, most malignant cancers in the liver are not primary HCC but metastasis (spread) of cancer from elsewhere in the body, e.g. the colon. Treatment options of HCC and prognosis are dependent on many factors but especially on tumor size and staging. Tumor grade is also important. High-grade tumors will have a poor prognosis, while low-grade tumors may go unnoticed for many years, as is the case in many other organs, such as the breast, where a ductal carcinoma in situ (or a lobular carcinoma in situ) may be present without any clinical signs and without correlate on routine imaging tests, although in some occasions it may be detected on more specialized imaging studies like MR mammography (it should be stated, however, that the sensitivity of this technique remains, even with current state-of-the-art technology, below 50%). Wikipedia
Hepatitis, Viral, Human	INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D). MeSH Definition
Bone Neoplasms	Bone tumor is an inexact term, which can be used for both benign and malignant abnormal growths found in bone, but is most commonly used for primary tumors of bone, such as osteosarcoma (or osteoma). It is less exactly applied to secondary, or metastatic tumors found in bone. Wikipedia
Arthritis, Rheumatoid	A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated. Wikipedia
Disease	A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions,[1] associated with specific symptoms and signs.[2][3] Wikipedia
Heart Defects, Congenital	Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life. Wikipedia
Brain Neoplasms	A brain tumor is any intracranial tumor created by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division, normally either in the brain itself (neurons, glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells), lymphatic tissue, blood vessels), in the cranial nerves (myelin-producing Schwann cells), in the brain envelopes (meninges), skull, pituitary and pineal gland, or spread from cancers primarily located in other organs (metastatic tumors). Primary (true) brain tumors are commonly located in the posterior cranial fossa in children and in the anterior two-thirds of the cerebral hemispheres in adults, although they can affect any part of the brain. In the United States in the year 2005, it was estimated that there were 43,800 new cases of brain tumors (Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, Primary Brain Tumors in the United States, Statistical Report, 2005 - 2006),[1] which accounted for 1.4 percent of all cancers, 2.4 percent of all cancer deaths,[2] and 20–25 percent of pediatric cancers.[2][3] Ultimately, it is estimated that there are 13,000 deaths/year as a result of brain tumors.[1] Wikipedia
Hemorrhagic Disorders	Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS). MeSH Definition
Rectal Diseases	The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus. The human rectum is about 12 cm long. At its commencement its caliber is similar to that of the sigmoid colon, but near its termination it is dilated, forming the rectal ampulla. Wikipedia
Genital Neoplasms, Male	Tumor or cancer of the MALE GENITALIA. Wikipedia
Uterine Neoplasms	The term uterine cancer may refer to one of several different types of cancer which occur in the uterus. These include: Wikipedia
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell	A carcinoma derived from stratified squamous epithelium. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed) Wikipedia
Slow Virus Diseases	A slow virus is a virus, or a viruslike agent, etiologically associated with a disease having a long incubation period of months to years with a gradual onset frequently terminating in severe illness and/or death. A slow virus disease is a disease that follows a slow, progressive course spanning months to years, frequently involving the central nervous system and ultimately leading to death; examples are visna and maedi of sheep, caused by viruses of the genus Lentivirus (family Retroviridae), and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, apparently caused by the measles virus. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans, scrapie of sheep, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) of cattle may also be classified under slow virus disease but are now considered to be prion diseases. Characteristics of Slow virus diseases are: They have long incubation periods ranging from months to years. They have slow but relentless progressive courses terminating fatally. They have a genetic pre-disposition. The immune system does not seem to play a role in its protection. Wikipedia
Urologic Neoplasms	Tumors or cancer of the URINARY TRACT in either the male or the female. MeSH Definition
Mycoses	Mycosis (plural: mycoses) is a condition in which fungi pass the resistance barriers of the human or animal body and establish infections. Wikipedia
Metabolism, Inborn Errors	Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero. Wikipedia
Syndrome	A set of symptoms or conditions that occur together and suggest the presence of a certain disease or an increased chance of developing the disease. GHR - Glossary
Heart Valve Diseases	Your heart has four valves. Normally, these valves open to let blood flow through or out of your heart, and then shut to keep it from flowing backward. But sometimes they don't work properly. What can happen? MedlinePlus health topic
Skin Diseases, Infectious	Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses. MeSH Definition
Cysts	A sac or capsule filled with fluid. GHR - Glossary
Vasculitis	Vasculitis is an inflammation of the blood vessels. It happens when the body's immune system attacks the blood vessel by mistake. The cause is often unknown. Vasculitis can affect arteries, veins and capillaries. Arteries are vessels that carry blood from the heart to the body's organs. Veins are the vessels that carry blood back to the heart. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that connect the small arteries and veins. When a blood vessel becomes inflamed, it can Narrow, making it more difficult for blood to get through Close off completely so that blood can't get through Stretch and weaken so much that it bulges and may burst and cause dangerous bleeding inside the bodySymptoms of vasculitis can vary, but usually include fever, swelling and a general sense of feeling ill. The main goal of treatment is to stop the inflammation. Steroids and other medicines to stop inflammation are often helpful.National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute MedlinePlus health topic
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome	A syndrome resulting from the acquired deficiency of cellular immunity caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is characterized by the reduction of the Helper T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and the lymph nodes; opportunistic infections (usually pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections, tuberculosis, candida infections, and cryptococcosis); and the development of malignant neoplasms (usually non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma). The human immunodeficiency virus is transmitted through sexual contact, sharing of contaminated needles, or transfusion of contaminated blood. Generalized lymphadenopathy, fever, weight loss, and chronic diarrhea are common symptoms of AIDS. The patients usually die either of opportunistic infections or malignant neoplasms. -- 2004 GHR - Glossary
Adnexal Diseases	Diseases of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including diseases involving the OVARY, the FALLOPIAN TUBES, and ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT). MeSH Definition
Dermatitis	A rash is an area of irritated or swollen skin. It might be red and itchy, bumpy, scaly, crusty or blistered. Rashes are a symptom of many different medical conditions. Things that can cause a rash include other diseases, irritating substances, allergies and your genetic makeup. MedlinePlus health topic
Adenoma	A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. GHR - Glossary
Jaw Diseases	The jaw is either of the two opposable structures forming, or near the entrance to the mouth. Wikipedia
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome	In medicine, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is an inflammatory state of the whole body (the system) without a proven source of infection. It is a medical emergency. Wikipedia
Neoplasms, Connective Tissue	Neoplasms composed of connective tissue, including elastic, mucous, reticular, osseous, and cartilaginous tissue. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in connective tissue. Wikipedia
Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System	Disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. The immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME). MeSH Definition
Cranial Nerve Diseases	Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain in contrast to spinal nerves which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. Although thirteen cranial nerves in humans fit this description, twelve are conventionally recognized. The nerves from the third onward arise from the brain stem. Except for the tenth and the eleventh nerve, they primarily serve the motor and sensory systems of the head and neck region. However, unlike peripheral nerves which are separated to achieve segmental innervation, cranial nerves are divided to serve one or a few specific functions in wider anatomical territories. Wikipedia

Liver Neoplasms

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, also called hepatoma) is a primary malignancy (cancer) of the liver. Most cases of HCC are secondary to either a viral hepatitide infection (hepatitis B or C) or cirrhosis (alcoholism being the most common cause of hepatic cirrhosis).[1] In countries where hepatitis is not endemic, most malignant cancers in the liver are not primary HCC but metastasis (spread) of cancer from elsewhere in the body, e.g. the colon. Treatment options of HCC and prognosis are dependent on many factors but especially on tumor size and staging. Tumor grade is also important. High-grade tumors will have a poor prognosis, while low-grade tumors may go unnoticed for many years, as is the case in many other organs, such as the breast, where a ductal carcinoma in situ (or a lobular carcinoma in situ) may be present without any clinical signs and without correlate on routine imaging tests, although in some occasions it may be detected on more specialized imaging studies like MR mammography (it should be stated, however, that the sensitivity of this technique remains, even with current state-of-the-art technology, below 50%). Wikipedia

Hepatitis, Viral, Human

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D). MeSH Definition

Bone Neoplasms

Bone tumor is an inexact term, which can be used for both benign and malignant abnormal growths found in bone, but is most commonly used for primary tumors of bone, such as osteosarcoma (or osteoma). It is less exactly applied to secondary, or metastatic tumors found in bone. Wikipedia

Arthritis, Rheumatoid

A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated. Wikipedia

Disease

A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions,[1] associated with specific symptoms and signs.[2][3] Wikipedia

Heart Defects, Congenital

Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life. Wikipedia

Brain Neoplasms

A brain tumor is any intracranial tumor created by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division, normally either in the brain itself (neurons, glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells), lymphatic tissue, blood vessels), in the cranial nerves (myelin-producing Schwann cells), in the brain envelopes (meninges), skull, pituitary and pineal gland, or spread from cancers primarily located in other organs (metastatic tumors). Primary (true) brain tumors are commonly located in the posterior cranial fossa in children and in the anterior two-thirds of the cerebral hemispheres in adults, although they can affect any part of the brain. In the United States in the year 2005, it was estimated that there were 43,800 new cases of brain tumors (Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, Primary Brain Tumors in the United States, Statistical Report, 2005 - 2006),[1] which accounted for 1.4 percent of all cancers, 2.4 percent of all cancer deaths,[2] and 20–25 percent of pediatric cancers.[2][3] Ultimately, it is estimated that there are 13,000 deaths/year as a result of brain tumors.[1] Wikipedia

Hemorrhagic Disorders

Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS). MeSH Definition

Rectal Diseases

The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the large intestine in some mammals, and the gut in others, terminating in the anus. The human rectum is about 12 cm long. At its commencement its caliber is similar to that of the sigmoid colon, but near its termination it is dilated, forming the rectal ampulla. Wikipedia

Genital Neoplasms, Male

Tumor or cancer of the MALE GENITALIA. Wikipedia

Uterine Neoplasms

The term uterine cancer may refer to one of several different types of cancer which occur in the uterus. These include: Wikipedia

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell

A carcinoma derived from stratified squamous epithelium. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed) Wikipedia

Slow Virus Diseases

A slow virus is a virus, or a viruslike agent, etiologically associated with a disease having a long incubation period of months to years with a gradual onset frequently terminating in severe illness and/or death. A slow virus disease is a disease that follows a slow, progressive course spanning months to years, frequently involving the central nervous system and ultimately leading to death; examples are visna and maedi of sheep, caused by viruses of the genus Lentivirus (family Retroviridae), and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, apparently caused by the measles virus. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans, scrapie of sheep, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) of cattle may also be classified under slow virus disease but are now considered to be prion diseases. Characteristics of Slow virus diseases are: They have long incubation periods ranging from months to years. They have slow but relentless progressive courses terminating fatally. They have a genetic pre-disposition. The immune system does not seem to play a role in its protection. Wikipedia

Urologic Neoplasms

Tumors or cancer of the URINARY TRACT in either the male or the female. MeSH Definition

Mycoses

Mycosis (plural: mycoses) is a condition in which fungi pass the resistance barriers of the human or animal body and establish infections. Wikipedia

Metabolism, Inborn Errors

Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero. Wikipedia

Syndrome

A set of symptoms or conditions that occur together and suggest the presence of a certain disease or an increased chance of developing the disease. GHR - Glossary

Heart Valve Diseases

Your heart has four valves. Normally, these valves open to let blood flow through or out of your heart, and then shut to keep it from flowing backward. But sometimes they don't work properly. What can happen? MedlinePlus health topic

Skin Diseases, Infectious

Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses. MeSH Definition

Cysts

A sac or capsule filled with fluid. GHR - Glossary

Vasculitis

Vasculitis is an inflammation of the blood vessels. It happens when the body's immune system attacks the blood vessel by mistake. The cause is often unknown. Vasculitis can affect arteries, veins and capillaries. Arteries are vessels that carry blood from the heart to the body's organs. Veins are the vessels that carry blood back to the heart. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that connect the small arteries and veins. When a blood vessel becomes inflamed, it can Narrow, making it more difficult for blood to get through Close off completely so that blood can't get through Stretch and weaken so much that it bulges and may burst and cause dangerous bleeding inside the bodySymptoms of vasculitis can vary, but usually include fever, swelling and a general sense of feeling ill. The main goal of treatment is to stop the inflammation. Steroids and other medicines to stop inflammation are often helpful.National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute MedlinePlus health topic

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

A syndrome resulting from the acquired deficiency of cellular immunity caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is characterized by the reduction of the Helper T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and the lymph nodes; opportunistic infections (usually pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections, tuberculosis, candida infections, and cryptococcosis); and the development of malignant neoplasms (usually non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma). The human immunodeficiency virus is transmitted through sexual contact, sharing of contaminated needles, or transfusion of contaminated blood. Generalized lymphadenopathy, fever, weight loss, and chronic diarrhea are common symptoms of AIDS. The patients usually die either of opportunistic infections or malignant neoplasms. -- 2004 GHR - Glossary

Adnexal Diseases

Diseases of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including diseases involving the OVARY, the FALLOPIAN TUBES, and ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT). MeSH Definition

Dermatitis

A rash is an area of irritated or swollen skin. It might be red and itchy, bumpy, scaly, crusty or blistered. Rashes are a symptom of many different medical conditions. Things that can cause a rash include other diseases, irritating substances, allergies and your genetic makeup. MedlinePlus health topic

Adenoma

A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. GHR - Glossary

Jaw Diseases

The jaw is either of the two opposable structures forming, or near the entrance to the mouth. Wikipedia

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

In medicine, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is an inflammatory state of the whole body (the system) without a proven source of infection. It is a medical emergency. Wikipedia

Neoplasms, Connective Tissue

Neoplasms composed of connective tissue, including elastic, mucous, reticular, osseous, and cartilaginous tissue. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in connective tissue. Wikipedia

Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System

Disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. The immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME). MeSH Definition

Cranial Nerve Diseases

Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain in contrast to spinal nerves which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. Although thirteen cranial nerves in humans fit this description, twelve are conventionally recognized. The nerves from the third onward arise from the brain stem. Except for the tenth and the eleventh nerve, they primarily serve the motor and sensory systems of the head and neck region. However, unlike peripheral nerves which are separated to achieve segmental innervation, cranial nerves are divided to serve one or a few specific functions in wider anatomical territories. Wikipedia

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